Essential Elements and Principles of Marine Insurance Contract

Marine insurance, the oldest branch of insurance, serves as the backbone of maritime commerce that keeps your business sailing smoothly even when the seas get rough. It protects your ships, cargo, and profits from unexpected risks like theft, storms, collisions, and other maritime perils.

Essentially, it's a contract between the insured and the insurer, ensuring that any losses incurred during the voyage are covered. This allows businesses to operate with confidence.

Marine insurance operates on a few guiding principles that ensure fair and reliable coverage. These principles form the foundation of every marine insurance contract, designed to protect both you and the insurer. 

In this blog, we’ll explore these essential principles in detail so you can see how they work to safeguard your interests in maritime trade.

Principles of a Marine Insurance Contract

Here are the fundamental principles that govern the formation of marine insurance contracts:

Principle of Utmost Good Faith

The principle of Utmost Good Faith, also known as uberrimae fidei, is a cornerstone of marine insurance. This principle requires both the insurer and the insured to be completely honest and transparent with each other. 

When purchasing marine insurance, you are expected to provide accurate and complete information without hiding or misrepresenting any details. This ensures that the insurer can accurately assess the risks involved and accordingly offer appropriate coverage.

If an insurer believes that you have hidden important information or provided false details, they have the right to reject your application or deny a claim. This makes it essential for you to disclose all relevant risks that might impact the insurance contract. Also, this principle requires you to act in good faith throughout the policy’s duration.

Breaches of the Utmost Good Faith principle can be categorised into four types:

• Non-disclosure.
• Concealment
• Innocent Misrepresentation
• Fraudulent Misrepresentation

The Marine Insurance Act 1963 places a statutory duty on you to disclose all material facts that you know or should reasonably know as part of your business. Failure to do so, whether intentional or accidental, can result in the cancellation of your policy.

For instance, if you’re transporting fragile goods and don’t inform the insurer, they might refuse to pay a claim if something goes wrong. Being honest from the start ensures your coverage is solid when you need it most.

Principle of Indemnity

The Principle of Indemnity ensures that you are compensated only for your actual loss without making any profit from the insurance claim. The goal of this principle is to restore you to the financial position you were in before the loss occurred, nothing more, nothing less.

For instance, let’s say you have a marine insurance policy with a coverage amount of ₹50 lakhs. If your cargo suffers a loss of ₹20 lakhs due to a storm, the insurance will compensate you only that ₹20 lakhs, even if your policy covers up to ₹50 lakhs.

In practice, complete indemnity is often not possible, and the policy may have predefined limits on what can be recovered. 

Principle of Insurable Interest

According to this principle, marine insurance only applies if there is some tangible commodity at risk, like cargo or a ship, and you have a legal relationship with it.

This means you must be directly affected by the course of the voyage, either gaining from its success or suffering a loss from its failure. Without this insurable interest, the policy is void. 

Moreover, for marine insurance to be valid, this insurable interest must exist at the time of the loss so that the insurance is protecting something of genuine value to you,

Examples include a lender’s interest in financed goods, seamen with wages at stake, or a freight forwarder managing the transport of goods.

Also Read: Understanding Insurable Interest In Marine Insurance Contracts

Principle of Proximate Cause

The Principle of Proximate Cause is all about finding the primary cause of the loss or damage and determining whether your policy covers that reason. 

This principle focuses on identifying the main cause of the loss, especially when several factors are involved. The insurer will cover the loss only if the primary cause is an insured risk.

For example, say a ship faces a storm (a risk covered by your insurance) and gets damaged. This damage causes the refrigeration system to break down, leading to cargo spoilage. 

While the spoiled cargo directly results from the broken refrigeration (a risk not covered by your insurance), the storm is considered the proximate cause since it triggered the chain of events. Therefore, the insurer would be responsible for covering the loss.

Also Read: Preventing Shipping Damage: Common Causes and Tips

Principle of Contribution

The Principle of Contribution comes into play when you have insured the same cargo with multiple insurance providers. This principle ensures that if a loss occurs, the payment is fairly divided among all the insurers involved.

The goal is to prevent you from receiving more than the actual value of your loss.

For the principle of contribution to apply, the following conditions must be met:

• You must have at least two insurance policies.
• All policies must be policies of indemnity.
• The policies must cover the same subject matter, interest, and risk.

For example, if your cargo is insured for ₹50 lakhs under two different policies, and you suffer a loss of ₹20 lakhs, both companies would split the amount according to the proportion of coverage they each provide.

Principle of Subrogation

The Principle of Subrogation in marine insurance allows the insurer to step into your shoes after compensating you for a loss. This means that once the insurer has paid your claim, they then have the right to pursue any third party that was responsible for causing that loss.

For example, suppose your cargo is damaged due to the negligence of a shipping company, and your insurer compensates you for that loss. According to this principle,  they can then ask the shipping company to recover the amount they paid you. 

In short, subrogation makes sure that the burden of the loss is placed where it belongs.

With these principles in mind, let's look at the essential features of marine insurance contracts.

Feature of Marine Insurance Contracts

The following are the prominent features of marine insurance contracts:

Proposal and Acceptance

A marine insurance contract is established when the insured (or their representative) submits a proposal, and the insurer accepts it. The contract becomes valid once the insurer agrees to the terms, even if the actual policy document hasn’t been issued yet. However, issuing the policy is essential for legal evidence of the contract.

The policy must clearly specify:

1. Name of the Insured: The individual or entity purchasing the insurance or their representative.
2. Subject Matter Insured: What exactly is being covered, whether it’s a ship, cargo, or another asset?
3. Coverage Scope: The risks that are included, such as storms, theft, or fire.
4. Voyage Details: The exact journey or route being covered, including the departure and destination points.
5. Term of Coverage: Whether the policy covers a specific voyage or a set period, such as a year.
6. Sum Assured/Policy Limits: The maximum amount the insurer will pay in the event of a loss. 
7. Name of the Insurer: The insurance company providing the coverage.

Warranties

Warranties are specific conditions that the policyholder must fulfil to keep the coverage valid. They are of two types-

• Express Warranties: These are clearly stated in the insurance contract. For example, the contract may specify that the vessel must follow a particular route.
• Implied Warranties: These are not explicitly mentioned in the contract but are still binding. A common implied warranty is that the vessel must be seaworthy, meaning it is fit to undertake the intended voyage.

If a warranty is breached, whether express or implied, the insurer may have the right to terminate the contract.

Declaration

The Declaration section includes details such as the names of the insured parties, the specific cargo or vessel covered, the coverage period, and the policy number. This summary makes sure that all essential information is clearly documented for easy reference.

Consideration (Premium)

The premium, known as consideration, is the payment the insured makes based on the proposal. The contract is completed when this payment is made, and it must be paid when the contract is signed.

Marine Insurance Policy Issuance

Once the premium is paid, the insurer issues the marine insurance policy. Once it is prepared, stamped, signed, and issued to you, the policy becomes valid legal evidence.

Even after issuance, if you think the policy doesn’t accurately reflect the agreement, you can have it corrected by a court order.

Assignment

In a marine insurance contract, you have the option to transfer your rights and interests to another party. This transfer is known as an assignment. You can do this at any time, either before or after a loss, as long as you notify the insurer and they agree to it. 

However, you (the original policyholder) are still responsible for the premium unless stated otherwise. 

Customisation and Endorsements

Marine insurance contracts can be customized with endorsements to cover additional risks or specific requirements of the insured, such as coverage for high-value cargo or specialized vessels.

Coverage Extensions

Many marine insurance policies offer extensions to cover more than just standard marine risks. For example, warehouse-to-warehouse coverage protects your goods from the starting point to the final destination, including any land transportation in between.

Exclusions

This section spells out what’s not covered so you’re not caught off guard. Common exclusions may include losses due to war, piracy, intentional damage, or natural wear and tear.

Claims Procedures

The Claims Procedures section provides a step-by-step guide for filing a claim for loss or damage. It includes required documentation and timelines for reporting the incident.

Termination and Cancellation

This section explains how the policy can be ended, including automatic termination when the policy ends or cancellation due to non-payment or breach of terms.

With the features covered, let's move on to how these contracts are created.

Formation of a Marine Insurance Contract

The formation of a marine insurance contract involves a series of steps that ensure both the insurer and the insured clearly understand their rights and obligations. Here’s a quick rundown:

• Proposal and Offer: It all starts with you proposing the coverage you need. The insurer then evaluates the risk and comes back with specific terms.
• Acceptance: If you’re happy with the terms, you formally accept them, which creates a binding agreement.
• Consideration: You’ll then pay the premium, which locks in the deal and makes everything official.
• Contract Documentation: The agreement is then formalized in a written policy that outlines the coverage, conditions, and the insured risks.
• Principles: As we have already listed, several principles govern the contract, two of them being—utmost good faith and the requirement of an insurable interest.
• Commencement of Risk: Your coverage starts as soon as the terms are agreed upon and the premium is paid, with the policy clearly specifying when it starts.
• Claims and Settlements: If something goes wrong, you notify the insurer. They assess the situation, and if everything checks out, they compensate you according to the policy.

This process ensures that both parties know what’s covered and what to expect, giving you peace of mind when your goods are out at sea.

Types of Marine Insurance

Marine insurance covers a variety of risks associated with maritime activities. Here are some common types:

Cargo Insurance: Covers the goods you’re shipping, protecting them against damage or loss during transit.

Hull Insurance: Protects the ship itself, covering any physical damage to the vessel from collisions, storms, or other perils at sea

Freight Insurance: Covers the shipowner or carrier for lost income if the cargo is damaged or lost during transport, ensuring they are compensated for freight charges.

Liability Insurance: Protects the shipping company against legal claims for damages, injuries, or loss of life caused to third parties during transportation.

Also Read: Top 5 Marine Insurance Policy Providers In India

Secure Your Cargo with Pazago

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It comes with several tools that eliminate stress and remove the bottlenecks so your shipments can sail smoothly across continents. Here’s what it offers:

1. Secure Cargo Insurance: With Pazago’s cargo insurance, you get:

• Safe Coverage with ICICI Lombard: Strong protection for your shipments.
• Fully Digital Process: No unnecessary paperwork, just quick and easy coverage.
• Seamless Claims: Fast and efficient claims to keep your business on track

2. Streamlined Communication: The importance of clear communication in trade cannot be overstated, and Pazago's centralized inbox makes it effortless. The inbox lets you bring all your trade partners to one place for unified and clear discussions.
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7. Simplified global payments: Enjoy streamlined international payments with priority clearance and competitive Forex rates.
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Don’t leave your shipments to chance—partner with Pazago today to navigate global commerce with confidence!

Conclusion

So, there you have it—a clear understanding of how marine insurance principles work to safeguard your business. These principles ensure that your operations remain secure, no matter what challenges arise on the high seas. 

When it comes to international trade, things can get confusing very quickly. Let Team Pazago help you. Schedule a demo call, and we’ll sort out the complexities so you don’t have to worry about what’s happening oceans away.

Frequently Asked Questions: FAQs

How is the cost of a marine insurance policy determined?

The cost of a marine insurance policy is determined by several factors, including the value of the goods or vessel, the nature of the cargo, the risks involved, the voyage route, the coverage limits, and any additional terms or warranties in the policy. The premium is calculated based on these factors.

How do I file a claim under the marine insurance policy in case of damage or loss?

To file a claim under a marine insurance policy, quickly inform your insurer and provide all necessary documents, like policy details, shipping records, and a damage report. Cooperate with their investigation to ensure proper assessment. The insurer will then review your claim and offer compensation according to the policy terms.

What is the Marine Insurance Act of 1963?

The Marine Insurance Act was introduced in India on August 1, 1963, to regulate marine insurance activities. It outlines the obligations and rights of all parties involved, including insurers, insured individuals, and brokers.

What are the Eligibility Criteria for Buying Marine Insurance?

The eligibility criteria for buying marine insurance involve the following:

• Insurable Interest: You must have a financial interest in the subject matter.
• Disclosure of Information: You must provide accurate and complete information to the insurer.
• Payment of Premium: You must pay the required premium.

Who can get marine insurance?

Marine insurance is typically owned by anyone with an insurable interest in the subject matter of the insurance. In this case, it includes importers, exporters, buyers, sellers, manufacturers, freight forwarders, banks, logistics companies, and buying agents.

What Are the Advantages of a Marine Insurance Contract?

Marine insurance comes with several advantages:

1. Financial Protection: It safeguards against potential losses due to risks like damage to ships, cargo, or freight during transit.
2. Peace of Mind: Knowing your assets are protected allows you to confidently conduct business, even in unpredictable conditions.
3. Legal Requirement Compliance: In some cases, marine insurance is required by law or contract, ensuring that you meet regulatory or contractual obligations.

Risk Management: It helps you manage the financial impact of unforeseen events, ensuring your business remains stable even when accidents happen.